This article proposes an epistemological analysis of the organicism of cognitive neurosciences in the form given to them by the work of Jean-Pierre Changeux and Stanislas Dehaene. We show first of all that the latter implies a maintenance of the dualism that he would like to put an end to. We then insist on the importance of the Saussurean theorization of language for neurolinguistics. This theorization allows a theoretical elaboration of the heterogeneity of language, and thus a break with the empiricism of dualism, of which the distinction between the humanities and the hard sciences, as understood by the reductionists, can be considered as an avatar.